Interior layout considerations for wheelchair maneuverability

Interior layout considerations for wheelchair maneuverability

Portable Restroom Unit Types and Configurations

Okay, so youre thinking about making a space accessible for wheelchair users, right? Thats awesome. Lets talk about doors and getting to those doors. Minimum door width and a clear entry path – these arent just suggestions, theyre crucial for independence.


Think about it: a standard wheelchair isnt exactly compact. Were talking about needing at least 32 inches of clear opening width. Portable restroom rentals ensure sanitation at local festivals porta potty rental company chemical substance. And "clear" is the keyword here. Thats the actual usable space when the door is open 90 degrees, not just the width of the door itself. Doorstops, thick door frames, even the door handle can eat into that precious space.


But its not just the door itself, is it? What about getting to the door? Imagine trying to navigate a maze of furniture, tight corners, or a pile of coats just to get to the entrance. A clear entry path is all about providing enough maneuvering room before you even get to the door. We're talking about a minimum of 36 inches wide, and ideally more, free from obstacles. This allows someone using a wheelchair to approach the door head-on, or even turn around if they need to.


And dont forget the swing direction! An outward swinging door can be a lifesaver in a small space, but it also needs enough clear space outside the room to swing open without bumping into anything or anyone. Inward swinging doors need sufficient clearance inside the room.


Ultimately, accessible design isnt just about meeting a minimum measurement. Its about thinking through the entire user experience, ensuring that people using wheelchairs can navigate a space with dignity, ease, and independence. It's about creating a welcoming and inclusive environment for everyone. So, when youre planning your space, really visualize someone using a wheelchair trying to move through it. It makes a world of difference.

Turn Radius Specifications for Interior Space



When designing interior spaces with wheelchair accessibility in mind, one of the critical factors to consider is the turn radius specifications. The turn radius refers to the minimum space required for a wheelchair to make a complete turn without obstruction. This aspect is vital for ensuring that individuals using wheelchairs can navigate through the space with ease and independence.

To begin with, the turn radius is influenced by the type of wheelchair and its dimensions. Standard wheelchairs typically require a turn radius of about 60 inches in diameter. This means that the space should be large enough to allow the wheelchair to pivot without hitting any obstacles. For power wheelchairs, which are generally larger and have a wider turning circle, the turn radius can be around 72 inches or more. It's essential to account for these differences to accommodate various types of wheelchairs.

In practical terms, this means that corridors, doorways, and any confined spaces must be designed with these turn radius specifications in mind. For instance, a corridor should be wide enough to allow a wheelchair to turn around without needing to backtrack. Similarly, doorways should be sufficiently wide to permit easy passage and turning.

Another important consideration is the placement of furniture and fixtures. In a room designed for wheelchair accessibility, furniture should be arranged to create clear pathways that respect the turn radius requirements. This might involve leaving extra space around tables, chairs, and other obstacles to ensure smooth navigation.

Additionally, the design should incorporate tactile cues and visual markers to guide wheelchair users. These can include contrasting floor colors to indicate pathways, braille signage, and tactile paving to help navigate through the space.

In conclusion, turn radius specifications are a fundamental aspect of interior layout considerations for wheelchair maneuverability. By understanding and implementing these requirements, designers can create inclusive spaces that promote independence and accessibility for all users.

Okay, so lets talk about grab bars. I know, sounds super clinical, right? But honestly, when youre thinking about making a space truly accessible for someone using a wheelchair, the height and placement of those support rails can make all the difference. Its not just about ticking a box on a checklist; its about enabling independence and dignity.


Think about it. Trying to transfer from a wheelchair to a toilet, or maneuvering in a shower, takes strength and coordination. The right grab bars, positioned just so, can provide that crucial extra support, that point of leverage that makes the difference between a confident, independent motion and a struggle.


Were talking about getting the height right, of course. Too high, and theyre useless. Too low, and theyre just as bad. There are guidelines, sure, but its also smart to think about the specific needs of the person wholl be using the space. Their arm reach, their strength, their usual transfer technique – these all play a role.


And its not just about height, but also positioning. A rail in the wrong spot is worse than no rail at all, because it gives a false sense of security. Consider the angles, the distance from other fixtures, the flow of movement. Are they positioned to help with pushing up, pulling oneself forward, or maintaining balance? Are they sturdy enough to actually bear weight?


Really, it boils down to empathy. Put yourself in the users shoes, or better yet, talk to someone who actually uses a wheelchair. Understand the challenges they face, and design the space – and the grab bar placement – with their needs in mind. Because ultimately, a well-designed space is one that empowers everyone who uses it.

Accessible Height of Toilet Fixtures



When designing interior spaces with wheelchair accessibility in mind, one crucial aspect to consider is the accessible height of toilet fixtures. This consideration ensures that individuals using wheelchairs can comfortably and safely use the restroom facilities. The accessible height of toilet fixtures is determined by various factors, including the height of the toilet seat, the placement of grab bars, and the overall layout of the restroom.

Firstly, the height of the toilet seat plays a significant role in accessibility. Standard toilet seats are typically around 15 to 19 inches from the floor. However, for wheelchair users, a lower seat height is often more comfortable and easier to transfer onto. ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) guidelines recommend that the top of the toilet seat should be between 17 and 19 inches above the floor. This range allows for a safer and more manageable transfer for wheelchair users.

Additionally, the placement of grab bars is essential for providing support and stability during transfers. Grab bars should be installed at appropriate heights to assist users in maintaining balance. Typically, horizontal grab bars are mounted between 33 and 36 inches above the floor, while vertical grab bars are positioned at a height that allows users to grip them comfortably while seated or standing. These bars not only aid in transfers but also provide necessary support for users with limited mobility.

The overall layout of the restroom is another critical factor in ensuring accessibility. There should be sufficient clearance around the toilet to allow for a wheelchair to maneuver easily. ADA guidelines specify that there should be a minimum clearance of 30 inches from the front of the toilet to any obstruction, such as a wall or grab bar. This clearance ensures that users can approach the toilet from the side or front without any hindrance.

In conclusion, the accessible height of toilet fixtures is a vital consideration in interior layout design for wheelchair maneuverability. By adhering to recommended heights for toilet seats, installing grab bars at appropriate levels, and ensuring adequate clearance around the toilet, designers can create restroom spaces that are both functional and inclusive for all users. This thoughtful approach not only enhances accessibility but also promotes independence and dignity for individuals with disabilities.

Floor Space Clearance Around Fixtures



When designing an interior space with wheelchair accessibility in mind, one crucial consideration is the floor space clearance around fixtures. This aspect ensures that individuals using wheelchairs can navigate the area comfortably and safely. Adequate clearance allows for easy maneuvering, preventing collisions and ensuring that users can approach fixtures such as sinks, counters, and appliances without obstruction.

The recommended clearance varies depending on the fixture and its intended use. For instance, at a sink, a minimum of 30 inches of knee clearance and 48 inches of toe clearance is typically required to allow a wheelchair user to pull up close enough to use the sink comfortably. Similarly, around a toilet, a minimum of 30 inches of knee clearance and 27 inches of toe clearance on each side is necessary to ensure safe and easy transfer.

In addition to these specific measurements, it's important to consider the overall layout of the space. Corridors and pathways should be wide enough to accommodate wheelchairs, generally requiring a minimum width of 36 inches. This width ensures that users can navigate through the space without feeling cramped or having to make sharp turns that could be difficult to manage.

Furthermore, the placement of furniture and other obstacles should be carefully planned to avoid creating bottlenecks or narrow passages that could hinder wheelchair maneuverability. This might involve rearranging seating arrangements, moving furniture away from high-traffic areas, or installing fixtures at accessible heights.

In summary, floor space clearance around fixtures is a vital component of interior layout considerations for wheelchair maneuverability. By adhering to recommended clearances and thoughtfully planning the space, designers can create an environment that is not only accessible but also welcoming and functional for all users.

Okay, lets talk about floors and those little bumps at doorways – thresholds – when youre thinking about wheelchair maneuverability in a space. Its more than just making sure a wheelchair can get through; its about making it easy, safe, and dignified.


Imagine pushing yourself in a wheelchair, trying to navigate a slick, polished floor. Suddenly, youre slipping a bit, losing momentum. Its frustrating, and honestly, a little scary. Thats why non-slip flooring is so important. We're not just talking about avoiding a fall (though that's a huge part of it!), it's about providing a secure base for movement. Think textured surfaces, materials with a bit of grip, even specialized coatings that increase friction. The goal is to minimize the effort needed to move around, especially when turning or starting/stopping. No one wants to feel like theyre ice-skating across their living room.


Then theres the dreaded threshold. These little lips at doorways can be absolute barriers. A high threshold can stop a wheelchair dead in its tracks, requiring extra effort to bump over, or even assistance. Even a small one can be a nuisance, creating a jarring bump with every transition between rooms. Ideally, were talking about zero-threshold entries – a seamless transition between spaces. When thats not possible (maybe due to structural reasons), then gently ramped thresholds are the way to go. It's about making that transition smooth and effortless. The gradient needs to be gradual enough that it doesnt require a burst of energy to overcome. Its about thinking of the experience from the wheelchair users perspective, and making sure that little bump doesnt become a major obstacle.


So, when youre designing a space with wheelchair maneuverability in mind, dont just think about the big stuff like ramp angles and doorway widths. Remember these smaller details – the flooring underfoot and the bumps at the doorways. They can make a world of difference in creating a space thats truly accessible and welcoming for everyone. Its about creating an environment where people can move freely and confidently, without having to constantly worry about slipping or getting stuck. A smooth, non-slip floor and a gentle threshold are quiet gestures of inclusion, making a space feel truly usable and comfortable for all.

Okay, lets talk about how lighting and visibility play into making interior spaces work for wheelchair users. Its not just about aesthetics; its about safety, independence, and comfort. Think about it: navigating a space in a wheelchair involves a lot of visual scanning – looking for obstacles, judging distances, and orienting yourself.


Good lighting is absolutely key. Were not talking about harsh, glaring lights that create shadows and wash everything out. We need even, diffused lighting that minimizes glare. This allows wheelchair users to clearly see changes in floor level, potential hazards like rugs or cords, and the edges of furniture. Think about using a combination of ambient, task, and accent lighting to achieve this. Ambient lighting provides the overall illumination, task lighting focuses on specific areas like a desk or kitchen counter, and accent lighting can highlight architectural features or artwork, adding depth and visual interest.


Beyond just brightness, color rendering is important. You want lights that accurately represent colors, allowing users to easily distinguish between objects. This is particularly important in kitchens and bathrooms where color can be a safety indicator (e.g., identifying hot water taps).


Visibility also ties into contrast. High contrast between objects and their backgrounds makes them easier to see. For example, a dark doorframe against a light wall, or light-colored countertops against dark cabinets. This helps with depth perception and makes it easier for wheelchair users to navigate.


Finally, consider the placement of light switches and outlets. They need to be accessible from a seated position, so lower heights are essential. Think about incorporating smart home technology with voice control or easily accessible remote controls for lighting, allowing wheelchair users to adjust the lighting levels to suit their individual needs and preferences. All of these considerations, from light intensity to switch placement, contribute to creating an inclusive and user-friendly environment for wheelchair users. Its about empowering them to move around independently and safely.

Emergency Assistance Features and Placement in Wheelchair-Accessible Spaces


When designing interior spaces for wheelchair accessibility, the strategic placement of emergency assistance features is crucial for ensuring safety and quick response times. These features must be both easily reachable and clearly visible while maintaining proper clearance for wheelchair maneuverability.


Emergency call buttons and pull cords should be installed at multiple heights to accommodate users whether theyre seated in their wheelchair or have fallen. Typically, these should be placed between 15 and 48 inches from the floor, with particular attention paid to areas like bathrooms, bedrooms, and corridors where accidents are more likely to occur. The placement should allow a person to reach the device without having to stretch or make awkward movements that could cause further injury.


In addition to height considerations, emergency features must not obstruct the recommended 60-inch turning radius needed for wheelchairs. Visual indicators, such as emergency lights or illuminated signs, should be positioned at eye level for seated individuals, approximately 48 inches from the floor. These indicators should be visible from multiple angles and not be blocked by doors, furniture, or other obstacles.


Communication devices, like intercoms or emergency phones, need to be installed in locations that allow clear sight lines and easy access. These should be positioned away from corners or tight spaces where wheelchair users might have difficulty approaching or maintaining a stable position while using the device.


By carefully considering the placement of emergency assistance features, designers can create spaces that provide both safety and independence for wheelchair users while maintaining essential maneuverability throughout the environment.

 

A full roll of toilet paper.
Toilet paper and a toilet paper holder; the cardboard core of an empty roll is visible on the holder.

Toilet paper, (also referred to as toilet/bath/bathroom tissue or toilet roll) [1] is a tissue paper product primarily used to clean the anus and surrounding region of feces (after defecation), and to clean the external genitalia and perineal area of urine (after urination).[2]

It is commonly supplied as a long strip of perforated paper wrapped around a cylindrical paperboard core, for storage in a dispenser within arm's reach of a toilet. The bundle, or roll of toilet paper, is specifically known as a toilet roll,[3] loo roll,[4] or bog roll (in Britain).[5]

There are other uses for toilet paper, as it is a readily available household product. It can be used for blowing the nose or wiping the eyes (or other uses of facial tissue). It can be used to wipe off sweat or absorb it. Some people may use the paper to absorb the bloody discharge that comes out of the vagina during menstruation. Toilet paper can be used in cleaning (like a less abrasive paper towel). As a teenage prank, "toilet papering" is a form of temporary vandalism.

Most modern toilet paper in the developed world is designed to decompose in septic tanks, whereas some other bathroom and facial tissues are not. Wet toilet paper rapidly decomposes in the environment. Toilet paper comes in various numbers of plies (layers of thickness), from one- to six-ply, with more back-to-back plies providing greater strength and absorbency. Most modern domestic toilet paper is white, and embossed with a pattern, which increases the surface area of the paper, and thus, its effectiveness at removing waste. Some people have a preference for whether the orientation of the roll on a dispenser should be over or under.

The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD, with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass-produced in the 14th century.[6] Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll-based dispensers being made in 1883.

History

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Although paper had been known as a wrapping and padding material in China since the 2nd century BC,[7] a reference to the use of toilet paper dates back as early as c. 589 when the scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531–591) wrote:

Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.[6]

During the later Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), an Arab traveller to China in the year 851 AD remarked:

... they [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper.[6]

During the early 14th century, it was recorded that in what is now Zhejiang alone, ten million packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets of toilet paper were manufactured annually.[6] During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD), it was recorded in 1393 that an annual supply of 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (approximately 2 by 3 ft (60 by 90 cm)) were produced for the general use of the imperial court at the capital of Nanjing.[6] From the records of the Imperial Bureau of Supplies of that same year, it was also recorded that for the Hongwu Emperor's imperial family alone, there were 15,000 sheets of special soft-fabric toilet paper made, and each sheet of toilet paper was perfumed.[6]

Elsewhere, wealthy people wiped themselves with wool, lace or hemp, while less wealthy people used their hand when defecating into rivers, or cleaned themselves with various materials such as rags, wood shavings, leaves, grass, hay, stones, pessoi, sand, moss, water, snow, ferns, plant husks, fruit skins, seashells, or corncobs, depending upon the country and weather conditions or social customs. In Ancient Rome, a sponge on a stick[8] was commonly used, and, after use, placed back in a pail of vinegar. Several talmudic sources indicating ancient Jewish practice refer to the use of small pebbles, often carried in a special bag, and also to the use of dry grass and of the smooth edges of broken pottery jugs (e.g., Shabbat 81a, 82a, Yevamot 59b). These are all cited in the classic Biblical and Talmudic Medicine by the German physician Julius Preuss (Eng. trans. Sanhedrin Press, 1978).

The 16th-century French satirical writer François Rabelais, in Chapter XIII of Book 1 of his novel sequence Gargantua and Pantagruel, has his character Gargantua investigate a great number of ways of cleansing oneself after defecating. Gargantua dismisses the use of paper as ineffective, rhyming that: "Who his foul tail with paper wipes, Shall at his ballocks leave some chips." (Sir Thomas Urquhart's 1653 English translation). He concludes that "the neck of a goose, that is well downed" provides an optimum cleansing medium.[9]

The rise of publishing by the eighteenth century led to the use of newspapers and cheap editions of popular books for cleansing. Lord Chesterfield, in a letter to his son in 1747, told of a man who purchased

a common edition of Horace, of which he tore off gradually a couple of pages, carried them with him to that necessary place, read them first, and then sent them down as a sacrifice to Cloacina; thus was so much time fairly gained...[10]

In many parts of the world, especially where toilet paper or the necessary plumbing for disposal may be unavailable or unaffordable, toilet paper is not used. Also, in many parts of the world people consider using water a much cleaner and more sanitary practice than using paper.[11] Cleansing is then performed with other methods or materials, such as water, for example using a bidet, a lota, rags, sand, leaves (including seaweed), corn cobs, animal furs, sticks or hands; afterwards, hands are washed with water and possibly soap.

As a commodity

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Joseph Gayetty is widely credited with being the inventor of modern commercially available toilet paper in the United States. Gayetty's paper, first introduced in 1857, was available as late as the 1920s. Gayetty's Medicated Paper was sold in packages of flat sheets, watermarked with the inventor's name. Original advertisements for the product used the tagline "The greatest necessity of the age! Gayetty's medicated paper for the water-closet".

Seth Wheeler of Albany, New York, obtained the earliest United States patents for toilet paper and dispensers, the types of which eventually were in common use in that country, in 1883.[12] Toilet paper dispensed from rolls was popularized when the Scott Paper Company began marketing it in 1890.[13]

The manufacturing of this product had a long period of refinement, considering that as late as the 1930s, a selling point of the Northern Tissue company was that their toilet paper was "splinter free".[14] The widespread adoption of the flush toilet increased the use of toilet paper, as heavier paper was more prone to clogging the trap that prevents sewer gases from escaping through the toilet.[15]

Softer, two ply toilet roll was introduced in Britain in 1942, by St Andrew Mills in Walthamstow; this became the famous Andrex.[16]

Moist toilet paper, called wet wipes, was first introduced in the United Kingdom by Andrex in the 1990s. It has been promoted as being a better method of cleaning than dry toilet paper after defecation, and may be useful for women during menstruation. It was promoted as a flushable product but it has been implicated in the creation of fatbergs; by 2016 some municipalities had begun education campaigns advising people not to flush used wet wipes.[17]

More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the United States where an average of 23.6 rolls per capita per year is used.[18]

External videos
video icon Documentarian Brian Gersten's short film about the 1973 shortage, The Great Toilet Paper Scare

In 1973, Johnny Carson joked in his Tonight Show monologue about comments made by Wisconsin congressman Harold V. Froehlich about the possibility of a toilet paper shortage. Subsequently, consumers purchased abnormal amounts, causing an actual shortage in the United States for several months.[19][20]

Toilet paper has been one of the commodities subject to shortages in Venezuela starting in the 2010s; the government seized one toilet paper factory in an effort to resolve the problem.[21]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, toilet paper shortages were reported in March 2020 in multiple countries due to hoarding and panic buying.[22][23][24][25][26] At first, few believed the pandemic would be serious. Later, people realized they might need to stock up on certain items in case of a shelter-in-place order, or in case they did not know how long such an order would last; suppliers could not assure that they could keep up with demand.[27][28] However, manufacturers continued to produce even more than they had before. Demand was higher for the types of toilet paper used at home.[29] In some countries the bidet was already seen as a solution, and a survey before the pandemic had indicated an increasing number of Americans would be interested.[30] Amid the panic buying during the pandemic, the Australian toilet paper brand Quilton donated a million of toilet paper rolls to vulnerable Australians who were struggling due to the shortages of toilet paper.[31]

Description

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Toilet paper is available in several types of paper, a variety of patterns, decorations, and textures, and it may be moistened or perfumed, although fragrances sometimes cause problems for users who are allergic to perfumes. The average measures of a modern roll of toilet paper is c. 10 cm (3 ⁠15/16⁠ in.) wide, and 12 cm (4

⁠23/32⁠ in.) in diameter, and weighs between 85 g (3.0 oz) and 196 g (6.9 oz).[32] An alternative method of packing the sheets uses interleaved sheets in boxes, or in bulk for use in dispensers. "Hard" single-ply paper has been used as well as soft multi-ply.

Sheet size

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The format of individual sheets of toilet paper, which is given by a perforation line, varies nationally. In Germany, Holland, France, Poland, Switzerland, for example, about postcard size is standard (about 100 × 140 mm), so about DIN format (DIN A6 105 × 148 mm). In England, the usual format is already somewhat wider, about 115 × 135 mm. The most extreme landscape format with 115 × 102 mm exists in Thailand. The most extreme portrait format (not counting toilet paper rolls without any perforation) is 100 × 366 mm; a promotional toilet paper from Schmidt Spiele in Germany.[33] Manufactured toilet paper sheet in the United States was sized 4.5 in (110 mm) × 4 in (100 mm).[34] Since 1999 the size of a sheet has been shrinking; Kimberly-Clark reduced the length of a sheet to 4.1 in (100 mm).[35] Scott, in 2006, reduced the length of their product to 3.7 in (94 mm). The width of sheets was later reduced giving a general sheet size of 3.7 in (94 mm) long and 4.1 in (100 mm) wide. Larger sizes remain available.

Sheet ply

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The ply of a toilet paper refers to the number of layers per sheet. Rolls are typically available in single-ply, 2-ply, 3-ply, and 4-ply.

Roll length

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Phrases like "single roll", "double roll", "triple roll", "jumbo roll", and "mega roll" commonly used in retail advertising[36] refer to the number of sheets per roll (though the actual number of sheets is also usually disclosed on packaging). A longer roll needs to be replaced less often, but the very largest sizes do not fit all toilet paper dispensers, especially in older homes.

Materials

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Toilet paper is usually manufactured from pulpwood trees, but is also sometimes made from sugar cane byproducts or bamboo.

Toilet paper products vary greatly in the distinguishing technical factors, such as size, weight, roughness, softness, chemical residues, "finger-breakthrough" resistance, water-absorption, etc. The larger companies have very detailed, scientific market surveys to determine which marketing sectors require or demand which of the many technical qualities. Modern toilet paper may have a light coating of aloe or lotion or wax worked into the paper to reduce roughness.

Quality is usually determined by the number of plies (stacked sheets), coarseness, and durability. Low grade institutional toilet paper is typically of the lowest grade of paper, has only one or two plies, is very coarse and sometimes contains small amounts of embedded unbleached/unpulped paper; it was typically called "hard" toilet paper.[37] A brand disinfected with carbolic acid was manufactured in Sheffield, United Kingdom under the Izal brand name by Newton Chambers until 1981.[38] Mid-grade two ply is somewhat textured to provide some softness and is somewhat stronger. Premium toilet paper may have lotion and wax and has two to four plies of very finely pulped paper. If it is marketed as "luxury", it may be quilted or rippled (embossed), perfumed, colored or patterned, medicated (with anti-bacterial chemicals), or treated with aloe or other perfumes.

To advance decomposition of the paper in septic tanks or drainage, the paper used has shorter fibres than facial tissue or writing paper. The manufacturer tries to reach an optimal balance between rapid decomposition (which requires shorter fibres) and sturdiness (which requires longer fibres). Compaction of toilet paper in drain lines, such as in a clog, prevents fibre dispersion and largely halts the breakdown process.

A German quip says that the toilet paper of Nazi Germany was so rough and scratchy that it was almost unusable, so many people used old issues of the Völkischer Beobachter instead, because the paper was softer.[39]

Color and design

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Apricot colored toilet paper

Colored toilet paper in colors such as pink, lavender, light blue, light green, purple, green, and light yellow (so that one could choose a color of toilet paper that matched or complemented the color of one's bathroom) was commonly sold in the United States from the 1960s. Up until 2004, Scott was one of the last remaining U.S. manufacturers to still produce toilet paper in beige, blue, and pink. However, the company has since cut production of colored paper altogether.[40]

Colored toilet paper remains commonly available in some European countries. Here in solid color toilet paper base, apart from the natural tones between white and gray or beige, pastel shades prevail: pink, apricot, light yellow and light blue. In rare cases, pale purple or pale green can be found. However, rich colors are rarely used, such as black, wine red, neon green, royal blue. Flat printed toilet paper is uncommon. If there is printing, it is often one color. Common print colors are pink and pinkish red, also blue, more rarely purple, orange, brown or green.[33]

Design

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Leaves as motif on toilet paper

Today, in the United States, plain unpatterned colored toilet paper has been mostly replaced by patterned toilet paper, normally white, with embossed decorative patterns or designs in various colors and different sizes depending on the brand. The patterns are in most cases "scatter patterns", that is, a motif is distributed ("scattered") several times (irregularly) over the surface. Stripes and dot patterns are rare. Occasionally, toilet papers have an embossed crocodile, wave, circle or check pattern. Some are additionally printed. Ornaments usually stand on their own as self-contained units. They never go uninterrupted (for example, as a border) from the first to the last sheet.[33]

Motifs

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Toilet paper with motif 50 euro bills

Predominant is everything that is associated "softness" and "fluffiness". There are decorations with bears, cats, rabbits, down feathers, clouds. Another motifs are things associated with "lightness": Clouds, downy feathers, leaves of all kinds, butterflies, flying birds. Another association is anything associated with pleasant fragrance: especially flowers of all kinds. Rare are motifs intended to appear noble, such as the Bourbon lily. Less rare are allusions to water, such as fish, shells and other aquatic creatures.[33]

Toilet papers are also provided with texts (jokes, poems), joke motifs (banknotes, politicians in their own or neighbouring companies) or advertising imprints.

Texture

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Crêpe secondary raw material toilet paper

Toilet paper is offered in different qualities. The cheapest toilet papers have a texture close to crêpe paper. They are often made of recycled material. Expensive toilet papers are made from particularly absorbent, delicate tissue paper. Toilet paper usually has a smooth surface. With several intentions, it is occasionally embossed. On the one hand, the embossing can serve to stabilize the paper. Furthermore, wiping can become more effective. Thirdly, there are design reasons. In Switzerland, in particular, there are often toilet paper with burls. In Germany, the number of plies is considered a quality feature. In the USA, Great Britain and Japan, the quality feature is that the toilet paper is as delicate and fine as possible.[33]

Additives

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Some toilet papers are perfumed. Popular scents are chamomile, peach or rose. Other toilet papers are impregnated with antibacterial additives.

Installation

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Dispensers

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A toilet roll holder, also known as a toilet paper dispenser, is an item that holds a roll of toilet paper. There are at least seven types of holders:

  1. A horizontal piece of wire mounted on a hinge, hanging from a door or wall.
  2. A horizontal axle recessed in the wall.
  3. A vertical axle recessed in the wall
  4. A horizontal axle mounted on a freestanding frame.
  5. A freestanding vertical pole on a base.
  6. A wall mounted dispensing unit, usually containing more than one roll. This is used in the commercial/away-from-home marketplace.
  7. A wall mounted dispensing unit with tissue interleaved in a "S"-type fold so the user can extract the tissue one sheet at a time.

Some commercial or institutional toilet paper is wrapped around a cylinder to many times the thickness of a standard toilet paper roll.

Orientation

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The over orientation
The under orientation

There are two choices of orientation when using a holder with a horizontal axle parallel to the wall: the toilet paper may hang over or under the roll. The choice is largely a matter of personal preference, dictated by habit. In surveys of American consumers and of bath and kitchen specialists, 60–70% of respondents prefer over. Most Americans think it should go over the top, like a waterfall.[41]

Decoration

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Toilegami refers to toilet paper origami. Like table napkins, some fancy Japanese hotels fold the first squares of toilet paper on its dispenser to be presented in a fashionable way.[42]

Recreational use

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In the United States, toilet paper has been the primary tool in a prank known as "TP-ing" (pronounced "teepeeing"). TP-ing, or "toilet papering", is often favored by adolescents and is the act of throwing rolls of toilet paper over cars, trees, houses and gardens, causing the toilet paper to unfurl and cover the property, creating an inconvenient mess.[43]

Children and cats may unroll an entire roll of toilet paper by spinning it until it completely unravels on the floor, or as a game by children wadding up one end, putting it in the toilet bowl without tearing it and then using the flushing of the toilet to pull new paper into the toilet, with the objective of flushing the entire roll down the toilet section at a time without the toilet paper breaking. Special toilet paper insert holders with an oblong shape were invented to prevent continuous unrolling without tearing to discourage this practice.[citation needed]

Toilet paper pranks include talking toilet paper holders and inserts that are activated by the unrolling of the toilet paper and will loudly play an embarrassing message calling attention to the person defecating.[44]

Other gags include custom toilet paper printed with jokes, stories or politician's images.[45]

Mechanics

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Alexander Balankin and coauthors have studied the behavior of toilet paper under tensile stress[46][47] and during wetting and burning.[48]

Toilet paper has been used in physics education to demonstrate the concepts of torque, moment of inertia, and angular momentum;[49][50][51] and the conservation of momentum and energy.[52]

Environmental considerations

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Some individuals place toilet paper on public toilet seats before sitting down.

One tree produces about 800 rolls (400 pounds (180 kg)) of toilet paper and about 83 million rolls are produced per day.[53] Global toilet paper production consumes 27,000 trees daily.[54]

More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the United States alone. Americans use an average of 141 rolls per capita a year which is equivalent to 12.7 kilograms (28 lb) of tissue paper per year.[55] This figure is about 50% more than the average of other Western countries or Japan.[56] The higher use in the United States may be explained by the fact that other countries people use bidets or spray hoses to clean themselves.[57] Millions of trees are harvested in North and South America leaving ecological footprint concerns.[58]

As of 2009, between 22% and 48% of the toilet paper used in the United States comes from tree farms in the U.S. and South America, with the rest mostly coming from old, second growth forests, and, some from virgin forests.[18]

Alternatives to virgin wood pulp

[edit]

Toilet paper made from recycled paper avoids the direct environmental impact of cutting down trees, and is commercially available. Recycled newspaper can contain BPA, an endocrine disruptor.[59]

Toilet paper produced from bamboo is commercially available, and is in some ways more environmentally friendly than virgin pulpwood, because bamboo grows faster, taking less land and less water. For North American consumers, the Natural Resources Defense Council recommends recycled tree pulp over bamboo toilet paper, because tree forests promote more biodiversity and bamboo products must be shipped from Asia.[60]

Toilet paper produced from bagasse, a byproduct of sugarcane, is commercially available, and avoids cutting down any plants because sugarcane is already grown for sugar production.[59]

The most eco-friendly alternatives are to rely solely on soap and water for anal hygiene.[60]

See also

[edit]
  • Anal hygiene
  • Fresh'n
  • Xylospongium, an ancient equivalent

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "toilet tissue". Cambridge English Dictionary. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Definition of bathroom tissue". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Toilet Roll". Cambridge English Dictionary. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  4. ^ "Loo Roll | Meaning of Loo Roll by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Bog roll definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123.
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 122.
  8. ^ Nash, Stephen E. "What Did Ancient Romans Do Without Toilet Paper?". Sapiens. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  9. ^ Rabelais, François (20 April 2007). "Gargantua and Pantagruel". The University of Adelaide, Australia: eBooks@Adelaide. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  10. ^ Quoted in Maxted, Ian. "Sic transit gloria cloacarum". Website of The Ephemera Society. The Ephemera Society. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  11. ^ Sheri Trusty (21 February 2012). "Teen takes mission trip to India". Fremont, Ohio: thenews-messenger.com. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 'In most of India, they don't use toilet paper. They use water and their left hands,' Ollervides said. 'That's what the left hand is for.'[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ The first of note is for the idea of perforating commercial papers (25 July 1871, #117355), the application for which includes an illustration of a perforated roll of paper. On 13 February 1883 he was granted patent #272369, which presented a roll of perforated wrapping or toilet paper supported in the center with a tube. Wheeler also had patents for mounted brackets that held the rolls. See also Joseph Nathan Kane, "Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries and Inventions in the United States" (H. W. Wilson: 1964), p. 434; Harper's Magazine, volume. Q, 1941–1943 (Harper's Magazine Co.:1941), p. 181; Jules Heller, "Paper Making" (Watson-Guptill:1978), p. 193.
  13. ^ Toilet paper takes center stage amid coronavirus outbreak. Be thankful we no longer use corncobs and rope ends.
  14. ^ O'Reilly, Terry (8 June 2017). "Now Splinter Free: How Marketing Broke Taboos". Under the Influence. CBC Radio One. Pirate Radio. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  15. ^ Our only good news: Toilet paper won't run out / How Americans fell for toilet paper.
  16. ^ "History Feature: Walthamstow – The birthplace of soft toilet paper". East London and West Essex Guardian Series. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  17. ^ Kessler, Matt (14 October 2016). "Are Wet Wipes Wrecking the World's Sewers?". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Mr. Whipple Left It Out: Soft Is Rough on Forests" by Leslie Kaufman, The New York Times, 25 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  19. ^ Buder, Emily (19 March 2020). "What Misinformation Has to Do With Toilet Paper". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  20. ^ Crockett, Zachary (9 July 2014). "The Great Toilet Paper Scare of 1973". Priceonomics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Venezuelan Government Seizes Toilet Paper Factory Amid Shortage". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  22. ^ Lee, Bruce Y. "Is COVID-19 Coronavirus Leading To Toilet Paper Shortages? Here Is The Situation". Forbes.
  23. ^ Corkery, Michael; Maheshwari, Sapna (13 March 2020). "Is There Really a Toilet Paper Shortage?". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Frankel, Todd C. (13 March 2020). "The toilet paper shortage is real. But it should be brief". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  25. ^ Andrew, Scottie (9 March 2020). "The psychology behind why toilet paper, of all things, is the latest coronavirus panic buy". CNN. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  26. ^ Capozzi, Joe (15 March 2020). "Coronavirus in Florida: Toilet paper – the plywood of the pandemic". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  27. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (14 March 2020). "In the Wake of the Coronavirus, Here's Why Americans Are Hoarding Toilet Paper". Time. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  28. ^ Whysel, Brett (17 April 2020). "Where Did All The Toilet Paper Go? The Behavioral Economics Of Hoarding". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  29. ^ Schrotenboer, Brent (8 April 2020). "Coronavirus and shopping for supplies: Getting to the bottom of the toilet paper shortage". USA Today. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  30. ^ Karcz, Anthony (14 March 2020). "Stop Hoarding Toilet Paper – There's A Better Solution". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Quilton donates a million rolls of toilet paper to struggling Australians amid coronavirus panic-buying". Perth Now. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Toilet Rolls Vary in Net Weight &Total Length by a Double – Variations also in Paper Strength & Absorbency". consumer.org.hk. Hong Kong Consumer Council. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d e Gudehus, Juli. "toilet paper – design for the arse • a collection". Juli Gudehus. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  34. ^ "Is My Toilet Paper Shrinking?". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  35. ^ "The Incredible Shrinking Toilet Paper Roll". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  36. ^ "The dirty little secrets of toilet paper / Some rolls have shrunk more than 20 percent". Consumer Reports. 27 August 2015.
  37. ^ "Minor British Institutions: Izal toilet paper". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  38. ^ "The History of Izal – Joan Jones – 7th March 2016". 8 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  39. ^ Read, Anthony and Fisher, David The Fall of Berlin London: Pimlico, 1993.
  40. ^ "The unpalatable truth: the colour has drained from our bathrooms?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  41. ^ Yenisey, Zeynep (5 April 2016). "What the Direction Your Toilet Paper Hangs Says About You According to Science: Under or over?". Maxim. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  42. ^ "Toilet Paper Origami". Origami Resource Center. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  43. ^ "Hey kids, TPing is not a crime!". tribunedigital-dailypilot. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  44. ^ "Amazon.com: Talking Toilet Paper Spindle: Toys & Games". Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
  45. ^ Kaye, Ben (4 August 2017). "Donald Trump's shitty tweets printed on toilet paper". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  46. ^ Balankin, Susarrey Huerta & Bravo 2001.
  47. ^ Balankin et al. 2002.
  48. ^ Balankin & Matamoros 2002.
  49. ^ Harkay 2006.
  50. ^ Goodwin 1985.
  51. ^ Walker 1975.
  52. ^ Ehrlich 1997.
  53. ^ "Toilet paper fun facts". ToiletPaperHistory.com.
  54. ^ "Toilet paper wipes out 27,000 trees a day – National Geographic's Green Guide". National Geographic. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  55. ^ "The U.S. Leads the World in Toilet Paper Consumption". 5 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  56. ^ "Soft Tissue Paper is Hard on the Environment". Simple Ecology. 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  57. ^ "Euro-style Personal Hygiene With the Bidet". hgtv.com. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  58. ^ Lindsey (26 February 2009). "Destroying forests to make toilet paper is 'worse than driving Hummers'". Green Peace. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  59. ^ a b "The Hidden Danger in Recycled Toilet Paper". HuffPost. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  60. ^ a b Which toilet paper is the most eco-friendly? Bamboo vs. Recycled

General and cited sources

[edit]
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Matamoros, Daniel Morales (2002), "Some new features of interface roughness dynamics in paper wetting, burning and rupturing experiments" (PDF), in Miroslav Michal Novak (ed.), Emergent Nature: Patterns, Growth and Scaling in the Sciences, pp. 345–356, doi:10.1142/9789812777720_0031, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Susarrey Huerta, Orlando; Bravo, Armando (27 November 2001), "Self-affine nature of the stress-strain behavior of thin fibre networks" (PDF), Phys. Rev. E, 64 (6), American Physical Society: 066131, Bibcode:2001PhRvE..64f6131B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.64.066131, PMID 11736260, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010citation: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Susarrey Huerta, Orlando; Urriolagoitia Calderón, Guillermo; Hernández, Luis H. (20 May 2002), "Self-affine nature of the stress-strain behavior of an elastic fractal network" (PDF), Physics Letters A, 297 (5–6), Elsevier: 376–386, Bibcode:2002PhLA..297..376B, doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(02)00427-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010
  • Ehrlich, Robert (1997), "5.9 Dropping two rolls of toilet paper", Why Toast Lands Jelly-Side Down: Zen and the Art of Physics Demonstrations, Princeton University Press, pp. 97–98, ISBN 0-691-02891-5
  • Goodwin, Peter (1985), Physics can be fun: a sourcebook of practical problems, J. Weston Walch, pp. 64–69, ISBN 978-0-8251-0418-3
  • Harkay, J. Russell (2006), "Roll Out: Toilet Paper Physics", Phenomenal Physics: A Guided Inquiry Approach (3rd ed.), Lulu.com, pp. 135–140, ISBN 978-1-4116-8882-7
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Walker, Jearl (1975), The Flying Circus of Physics: With Answers (1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 32, 235, ISBN 978-0-471-76273-7

Further reading

[edit]
  • De Beaumont, Sally; Tanner, Amoret; Rickards, Maurice (2000), Encyclopedia of Ephemera, UK: Routledge, pp. 190–191, ISBN 0-415-92648-3
  • Knuth, Donald E. (October 1984), "The Toilet Paper Problem", The American Mathematical Monthly, 91 (8): 465–470, doi:10.2307/2322567, JSTOR 2322567
  • Smyth, Richard (2012). Bum Fodder: An Absorbing History of Toilet Paper. Souvenir Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-285-64120-4.
[edit]

Media related to Toilet paper at Wikimedia Commons

 

Sewer treatment is a type of wastewater therapy which aims to get rid of contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that appropriates to discharge to the surrounding atmosphere or an intended reuse application, thereby stopping water pollution from raw sewer discharges. Sewer contains wastewater from families and organizations and possibly pre-treated commercial wastewater. There are a multitude of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can vary from decentralized systems (consisting of on-site therapy systems) to huge central systems involving a network of pipelines and pump stations (called sewerage) which share the sewer to a treatment plant. For cities that have a consolidated sewage system, the drains will likewise lug metropolitan overflow (stormwater) to the sewer treatment plant. Sewage therapy typically involves 2 major stages, called primary and second therapy, while sophisticated therapy additionally incorporates a tertiary therapy phase with brightening procedures and nutrient elimination. Additional therapy can lower raw material (measured as organic oxygen need) from sewer,    utilizing cardio or anaerobic organic processes. A supposed quaternary treatment step (often referred to as sophisticated treatment) can additionally be added for the removal of natural micropollutants, such as drugs. This has actually been implemented in full-blown as an example in Sweden. A a great deal of sewage therapy technologies have actually been created, mainly making use of organic therapy procedures. Design designers and choice makers need to take into account technical and cost-effective criteria of each option when choosing an appropriate modern technology. Often, the major requirements for option are wanted effluent high quality, anticipated construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy demands and sustainability facets. In developing countries and in backwoods with low population thickness, sewage is often dealt with by numerous on-site hygiene systems and not shared in drains. These systems include septic systems connected to drain fields, on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more. On the other hand, advanced and reasonably pricey sewer therapy plants may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and perhaps even a fourth therapy stage to eliminate micropollutants. At the international level, an estimated 52% of sewer is treated. Nevertheless, sewage therapy prices are very unequal for different countries around the globe. As an example, while high-income countries treat around 74% of their sewer, establishing nations deal with approximately just 4. 2%. The treatment of sewage is part of the field of sanitation. Hygiene likewise consists of the administration of human waste and strong waste in addition to stormwater (drain) management. The term sewage treatment plant is commonly utilized interchangeably with the term wastewater therapy plant.

.

A portable or mobile bathroom (colloquial terms: thunderbox, porta-john, porta-potty or porta-loo) is any type of type of bathroom that can be walked around, some by someone, some by mechanical equipment such as a truck and crane. Most types do not call for any kind of pre-existing services or framework, such as sewerage, and are totally self-contained. The portable toilet is made use of in a range of situations, for instance in metropolitan run-down neighborhoods of developing nations, at festivals, for outdoor camping, on boats, on building and construction sites, and at film places and big exterior gatherings where there are no other facilities. A lot of mobile toilets are unisex single systems with privacy guaranteed by a basic lock on the door. Some mobile bathrooms are small shaped plastic or fiberglass mobile spaces with a lockable door and a receptacle to capture the human excreta in a container. A portable toilet is not linked to a hole in the ground (like a pit lavatory), nor to a septic tank, neither is it plumbed right into a community system causing a sewer therapy plant. The chemical toilet is possibly the most widely known sort of portable bathroom, yet other kinds also exist, such as urine-diversion dehydration commodes, composting commodes, container-based commodes, container commodes, cold toilets and incineration toilets. A bucket commode is a really basic sort of portable bathroom.

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